Reflective statement for previous case study Nestle Essay

Intelligent articulation for past contextual investigation Nestle - Essay Example This has raised a discussion on the inclination of this idea in the cutting edge time of instruction. Studies have regularly tested the job of the understudies and have subverted the idea which lessens inventiveness and advancement among the understudies (Vita and Bernard, n.d.). Viewpoints like learning and notoriety just as retaining are to a great extent results of intelligent investigations. Serious powers assume a significant job in the molding the benefit of an association. The examination of the serious powers relating to Nestle was finished by utilizing the Porter’s five powers model. This model examinations the serious structure of an association based on five powers to be specific, dealing intensity of purchasers, haggling intensity of providers, danger of new contestants, rivalry among the current players and danger of substitutes (Hill and Jones, 2009, p.42-43). Figure 1: Tangram Analogy (Source: Vita and Bernard, n.d., p.18) The contextual analysis focussed on a t on of showcasing issues, the idea of the contextual investigation and its inquiries helped in breaking down every one of the segments independently lastly producing a definitive contention which is undifferentiated from with the tangram relationship appeared in the figure above. The investigation of Ansoff’s lattice helped in anticipating the potential methodologies concerning the business procedure received by an association. This was useful in breaking down the instance of Nestle especially since the association has its specialty units spread across differing geological territories of the world (Beamish and Ashford, 2007, p.59-60). Over the span of examination of the contextual investigation devices like PESTEL and SWOT were likewise utilized. These devices helped in examining the outer and interior condition of the association (Nestle). The utilization of SWOT helped in breaking down the qualities, shortcoming, openings and the dangers being looked by the association (Nijs sen and Frambach, 2000, p.87).. PESTEL is one such instrument that helped in understanding the outer elements impacting the association on one hand and furthermore to investigate the political, efficient, sociological, innovative, ecological and lawful factors in a specific country (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2009, p.65). At last the procedure of methodology plan doesn't end with confining and actualizing approaches yet to assess and audit the viability of the systems. The utilization of the decent scorecard model caused in seeing how to assess a firm’s technique dependent on money related just as non monetary angles (Balanced Scorecard Institute, 2011). Question 2: In what ways, assuming any, did the module upgrade your learning, proficient as well as transferable aptitudes? Different investigations have presumed that improvement by and by or correction is to a great extent the results of a decent intelligent examination which is very in opposition to the conventional way of thinking (Vita and Bernard, n.d., p.5) The structure summary which is a result of the American way of thinking to a great extent expresses that intelligent examinations upgrade the way wherein understudies can apply the exercises learnt in proficient life. The current module helped in creating conceptual systems which helped in improving the composing aptitudes (Vita and Bernard, n.d., and p.5). The module managed investigating the distinctive key points of view of Nestle. The huge size of activity in the association helped in analysi

Critical Awareness of Values and Ethics Case study Essay

Basic Awareness of Values and Ethics Case study - Essay Example Each of the three key figures - the two expired and the killer - in the occurrence have a background marked by disregard for the holiness of marriage. Joe Korp was in two conjugal connections before his issue with Tania Herman. Both Maria De Gois and Tania Herman didn't consider taking part in an extramarital entanglements with a wedded man a genuine good infringement. The barrier of Maria's agree to include on a web pleasure seeker's webpage by her family members as an endeavor to 'spare' an upset marriage is ludicrous. You can't spare a marriage by slicing it to pieces. The entire adventure is declaration to the staggering impacts of the disregard of family esteems and conjugal responsibility. The subsequent issue is the tight materialistic perspective with which the entire episode was assessed by the entire framework - the groups of the expired, the media, and even the Supreme Court judge. Monetary benefit was unquestionably one of the inspirations for Joe Korps connivance of murdering his better half. At long last an issue that springs up is the legitimacy of evacuating life emotionally supportive networks for a patient who isn't dead however is surrendered for dead by the specialists. There are different contentions both for and against benevolence murdering (Eckels,2005). This is a significant issue, however I would not think of it as focal in this unique circumstance. The deed had been finished. Maria was rarely returning. Regardless of whether she was living dead or 'dead' dead is a non-issue here in spite of the fact that at some other point or spot it should be discussed. Difficulties to my qualities and ethics: I can't understand the point of view of a self regarding man who chooses to forsake his family for another darling. This is self-centeredness at its pinnacle. To me this was the most destroying join in the entire chain of occasions that occurred in Joe Korp's life. It opened him out to the conceivable outcomes that lay outside of the limits that one saves for oneself. The lethal endeavor on Maria was only the obvious end result of this perspective. At the point when one decides to justify to one's own self activities which are totally off-base, there is an entire change in perspective in our own profound quality which prompts an endless loop coming about in significantly increasingly intolerable activities. Maria Korp was a terrible casualty of her better half's budgetary goals and enthusiastic appetite. Nobody has the right to be murdered, yet I can't resist feeling that some place a specific duty regarding her own demise lays on her. Till she tagged along Joe Korp was a hitched man with a family. Wasn't it she who freed him up to the chance of unfaithfulness Was there not heartlessness to the deplorable Leonie as well as rather likewise to her youngsters Maria Korp barely cared about for all time destabilizing the lives of three others for the good of her own. Steve Deegan protected his sister Tania by portraying her as defenseless and unfortunate in adoration. Anyway how might one acknowledge anybody supporting a demonstration of endeavoring to execute someone else on these grounds Disregard for the life of another is inadmissible. Obviously she also showed a similar lack of care toward the requirements and privileges of others. Albeit one can contend that she didn't know Joe was hitched. How might one clarify the way that she not just stayed with him subsequent to having been deceived by him, yet additionally supported him in his longing to kill his significant other The monetary profit

UGA Holistic File Review Process - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

UGA Holistic File Review Process - UGA Undergraduate Admissions UGA Holistic File Review Process It is almost December, which means our large scale holistic file reading process will begin soon. Instead of giving you a nice slice of life story which then transitions into our reason for reading files, I will just go straight into the process. For a large group of our applicants (ones who are not admitted based on their academics alone in November and February), we spend almost three months diving into everything in a students application to better understand them, look at them in comparison with the rest of the applicant pool, and ultimately make final decisions about our freshman class. This process takes time, but we would rather take time to make good decisions than rush through the process. I have had a number of comments on the blog asking what we look at in this process, so here are the areas we look at in our holistic review. I could probably write six pages worth of explanation about the process, but I have summarized each area to lessen the pain of exhaustion for the reader. There is more to our review process than just these brief descriptions though, but at least this gives you some details of the process. Activities/Involvement/LeadershipThe first thing you should know about activities is that we value quality over quantity. What we are looking for is somewhat about the range of what a person does, but more so the depth of their involvement. It is not about how many clubs/sports/activities you can join, but instead looking at is what things you have committed to during your high school years, both in time and in consistency. In addition, another area we look at a students dedication to family and work. At times, a student may have limited involvement in clubs, but that might be due to a dedication to their family and/or job. Writing/Creativity/Expression In the review of an applicants writing, our focus is more the writers voice, how well they communicate their ideas, and how well they show us their information, and less focus is put on grammar and structure. Yes, we still want a student to write clearly and spell check their work, but that is not the key. The other area within this part looks at a students creative side. While we see some of these items within the activities section, we want to see how a student shows their creativity. We look at their involvement in the arts, but also in the non-artistic side of things such as robotics, design, newspaper, etc. We try to get an understanding of their aesthetic side of life. We will focus more on the writing part during this review, but a students passion for creativity does come into play. Academic Review When we look at a students transcript during the holistic review process, we are trying to understand how a student has progressed over their 3+ years in high school. Have they been consistently strong throughout the years, did they start slow and then jump up to all As, did they have a tough time in a specific subject, are all their Bs low or high Bs, etc. We are looking at core grades, we are focused on the actual grades, not a GPA on a transcript, and we are looking at trends and how you have done in your most challenging classes. Strength of Curriculum/Intellectual Challenges First,there is no magic number of AP/IB/Honors/Advanced/Dual Enrollment/Post-AP classes needed for admission, because there is no right answer. Instead, we look at the academic opportunities both at your school and in your community for the answer. What I mean is, most competitive colleges are going to look at what academic options are available to you as a student, and what you have then chosen to take. What have you done within the context of what is available? We also look at summer programs (Governors Honors programs, Girls State, etc), activities which focus on developing your academic side, and how you are preparing yourself for the academic challenges at UGA. Integrity/Work Ethic/Maturity One area of admissions that is not always talked about, but which has a great impact over the entire file, is the idea of work ethic and maturity. I often refer people to a scene from the movie Rudy, where the main character never lets up, even on the last play of the last day of practice. UGA recognizes the overachiever, the one that has taken what they have been given and gone beyond everyones expectations. Respect for Others In looking at applicants, we are looking at future members of the UGA community. They will be living in the residence halls together, studying together, dating, hanging out, and generally interacting with the people in the UGA community 24/7. In light of this, I want to know how they interact with other people in their own community right now. Which students step outside their comfort zone to grow and understand others? Who reaches out to people in their community in need, using their time and effort to give back to other people? What students actively learn about other cultures and other people, and share a bit of themselves as well? It takes a while for our team to review the large number of applications, and to dig into everything within the file. These files are reviewed by multiple counselors, and we are looking at everything in the application, including activities/sports/summer events/employment sections, transcripts, test scores, recommendations, resumes, essays, etc. We expect final decisions to go out sometime in mid-March, but that is based on current growth projections of how many total applications we will receive this year, so that could change. Go Dawgs!

Comparison in Leadership Styles for Steve Jobs vs Bill Gates

Executive Summary Leadership is not a position but rather a process which involves the leader, the followers and the situation. Great leaders lead with the best interests of their employees in mind. A leader must lead according to the needs of the organization. The leader must not only be successful as a leader, but also bring success to the organization and its employees. This paper seeks to compare and contrast the leadership styles of two successful entrepreneurs. The paper consists of a background section which gives details on the leaders, their followers and the situations. A comparative analysis will be done on both leaders in terms of Power and Influence, Ethics and Values, Leadership Attributes, Results and Legacy. The†¦show more content†¦He was born on October 28, 1955, in Seattle, Washington and began to show an interest in computer programming at the age of 13. Through technological innovation, keen business strategy, and aggressive competitive tactics, he and his partner Paul Allen built the worlds largest software business, Microsoft. As teenagers, Gates and Allen decided that the possibility of every household and business to have a computer, and the computer must be working on Microsoft software was both a realistic and a desirable goal, which they could work to achieve . Mr. Gates ensured that his relationships with his fol lowers and co-workers were always ideal. He was the type of leader who never under estimated his followers. He also communicated the objectives which needed to be achieved in a clear manner to his followers. In addition, he also conveyed the benefits, which they would obtain if they achieved those objectives. Mr. Gates has said it himself on numerous occasions that the Microsoft would have been unsuccessful without his strong team, which stood behind him . 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Native American Graves Protection And Repatriation Act Essay

As persons travel through the state of Kansas, one would gather the sense that the state has a history that began with the settlement of European-Americans during the 19th Century as there is little roadside advertising stating the contrary. Kansas, for centuries, was a land where many Native American tribes that lived, fought, and died. Subsequently, the city of Wichita is a good example of this. It is known as a large city of Kansas and not known as the name of a Native American tribe. The fact of the matter is that the Wichita tribe aided in the establishment of a trading post that led to the development of the current metropolitan city. One would be total unaware that the state of Kansas played a major role in the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990). Unless one drives by one of the tribal casinos, one would not be aware that Kansas proudly has four Native American reservations. In reality, for centuries the state of Kansas has held a rich history and future as a Native land. Kansas is a Native land because prior to the European-American settlement of Kansas, many Native American tribes thrived within Kansas. The fact is, centuries ago, Kansas was occupied by Native Americans who thrived in large villages or as flourishing nomads who followed the large herds of buffalo roaming Kansas grasslands. The land, now called Kansas, had been home to many Native American peoples. The Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche, Kansa, Kiowa, Osage, Pawnee, CuartelejoShow MoreRelatedKennewick Man and the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)1057 Words   |  5 Pagesis one of the most complete ancient skeletons found to date. The discovery initiated scholarly and public debate of the legal and ethical implications of anthropological study of Native American human remains. 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It also discusses the importance of regaining federal recognition applied to the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. 3 Introduction Native Americans haveRead MoreThe Native American Graves Protection And Repatriation Act Of 1990 And Minnesota Statute 307.083436 Words   |  14 Pages The following writing sample is an excerpt from the second chapter of my departmental honors thesis â€Å"The Reliability of Five Commonly Used Ancestral Techniques and their Implications Regarding the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 and Minnesota Statute 307.08†. Chapter II Review of Techniques Interorbital Features Method Over the years, several techniques involving the analysis of human skeletal remains for the purposes of ancestral classification have been developedRead MoreKennewick Man1051 Words   |  5 Pageslocal Native American communities to contact officials about the discovery. One bone fragment was sent to the University of California, Riverside, to be dated by a destructive test on August 5th. Early analysis reports upon the now irreparably damaged bone fragment dated the skeletal remains to be approximately 8,400 years old. The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, the agency responsible for the land where the remains were recovered took official possession On September 2nd. A group of five Native AmericanRead MoreEssay on Controversial Findings748 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;On Thursday, January 13, 2000 it was announced that studies of the Kennewick Man were complete and dated to 9,320 and 9,510 years old, making it Native American therefore making it subject to the Nativ e American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) which refers to defining the term Native American, and who remains found to be Native American should belong to. 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This novel reveals the underlying truth, hardship and reality of who Christopher Columbus once called Los Indios. In the book Skull Wars by Kennewick Man, Brian Fagan’s Statement of the rewriting of the past can relate to Skull Wars in numerous ways. I Agree with his statement and believe that if we do not care or learn about what has really happened in the past, why would it be so hard for mainstream American society to feed us misinterpreted

Essay 587 Final - 2992 Words

Final Exam Access dates: | 4/20/2013 12:00:00 AM to 4/25/2013 11:59:00 PM | Can be reviewed in Gradebook on: | 5/1/2013 11:59:00 PM | Number of times this exam can be taken: | 1 | Time allowed to complete: | 3h, 30min | | | Here is some information about your Final Exam: * The exam covers the entire Managing Organization Change book, multiple articles throughout the term which were referenced in all lectures, all lectures, the Cracking the Code of Change article specifically (Beer and Nohria, Harvard Business Review). Although the exam is comprehensive, the essay questions will lean heavily over the latter few weeks of class. The multiple-choice questions will be over all TCOs. * All TCOs are covered. * There will†¦show more content†¦TCO G - Given that developing a â€Å"vision for change† and communicating that â€Å"vision† is a critical part of the change process, analyze the key elements of the â€Å"vision for change† and develop a strategy to communicate the change to the stakeholder. TCO H - Given the organization’s goal of creating and implementing a sustainable change while moving toward becoming a â€Å"learning† organization, develop a plan to implement change in a sustainable manner that can be applied to any change. Using the TCO you selected from the list above, which you felt was most relevant to your project this term, write an essay answer explaining how the change management you saw in one of your companies from your project this term followed or failed to follow the theory of success ingrained in the TCO you have selected. State the #1 thing you think that company’s change agent did which most contributed to the success or failure of the change and why that relates to the TCO you selected. * Include in the answer the name of the company you are discussing. * Explain/analyze why you think this way. (Points : 35) | 2. (TCOs A, E) Your project this term asked you to compare and contrast two companies’ change projects or programs for change. This question will review what you learned about the change projects in a continuation of your project. It will ask you to apply courseShow MoreRelatedHrm 587 Final Project6446 Words   |  26 PagesChange Analysis HRM587 Managing Organizational Change Professor Dr. Shon Miles October 21, 2012 Content 1. Introduction 2. Assessment/Diagnosis 3. Analysis of the Change Strategy 4. Results/Outcomes 5. Evaluation of the Effort 6. References 7. Appendix 1. Introduction: â€Å"Change can be happen without improving, but cannot be improved with out changing† These days it is becoming highly competitive environmentRead MoreHRM 587 Final Exam 2819 Words   |  4 Pagesan example change communication using an appropriate scenario. C. Finally, formulate a methodology to measure the success of your communication plan. (Points: 30) Copy this link to your browser and download: http://www.oassignment.com/HRM-587-Final-Exam-2-1005.htm Read MoreEssay on HRM 587 Final Exam2689 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿DOWNLOAD HERE HRM 587 Final Exam 1.  (TCO All) For the next set of questions, you will first select ONE of the TCOs of the course. Then, you will be asked to write an essay about the project you worked on this term over your two companies’ change program based on the TCO you selected above. Select the TCO your essay question will cover: TCO A - Given that progressive and successful companies require their employees to embrace change, examine how changing work conditions impact the employeesRead MorePrject 587 final course project7331 Words   |  30 Pages Project Course Project Final Hewlett Packard Advanced Program Management Program Management Plan April 10, 2013 I. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 II. Organizational Strategic Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 a) Mission statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 b) Long term Goals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 c) Methods for attaining goals†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Read MoreHrm 587 Final Exam (Package for 2 Versions)1762 Words   |  8 PagesHRM 587 Final Exam (Package for 2 Versions) Purchase here http://devrycourse.com/hrm-587-final-exam-package-for-2-versions Product Description †¢ HRM 587 Week 8 Final Exam (Version 1) 1. (TCO All) For the next set of questions, you will first select ONE of the TCOs of the course. Then, you will be asked to write an essay about the project you worked on this term over your two companies’ change program based on the TCO you selected above. Select the TCO your essay question will cover: Read MoreHrm 587 Final Exam (Package for 2 Versions)1762 Words   |  8 PagesHRM 587 Final Exam (Package for 2 Versions) Purchase here http://devrycourse.com/hrm-587-final-exam-package-for-2-versions Product Description †¢ HRM 587 Week 8 Final Exam (Version 1) 1. (TCO All) For the next set of questions, you will first select ONE of the TCOs of the course. Then, you will be asked to write an essay about the project you worked on this term over your two companies’ change program based on the TCO you selected above. Select the TCO your essay question will cover: Read MoreHrm 587 (Managing Organization Change) Entire Course688 Words   |  3 PagesHRM 587 (Managing Organization Change) Entire Course IF You Want To Purchase A+ Work Then Click The Link Below , Instant Download http://hwnerd.com/HRM-587-Managing-Organization-Change-Complete-Course-1162.htm?categoryId=-1 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At Contact.Hwnerd@Gmail.Com Final Exam - 16 Pages Final Exam – Set 2 – 20 Pages Five Part Project: Oracle and SAP Companies Managing Organizational Change Part 1 – 4 Pages Images of Change Project Part 2 – 10 PagesRead MoreBoxes by Raymond Carver1120 Words   |  5 Pagesa new area in search of happiness, blaming her problems on anyone except herself. The mother states â€Å"Other women my age are happy. Why can’t I be like other women?† (587), this reinforces the idea that she is searching for contentment and a way to overcome her depression. The mother wants to make a connection with her son in a final attempt to overcome her depression. When she calls her son to come to dinner she tells him â€Å"I have to fry up this chicken before it rots† (582). The author uses the chickenRead MoreA Comparative Essay Yellow Wallpaper And Room19 Essay778 Words   |  4 Pages she becomes more obsessed and paranoid â€Å"the fact is I am getting a little afraid of John† (587 Gilman). The narrator submerses herself into the yellow wallpaper of her room, at first seeing changes in the paper, then coming to believe that there is a woman trapped in the paper â€Å"At night in any kind of light†¦it becomes bars! The outside pattern, I mean, and the woman behind it is as plain as can be† (587 Gilman). Ultimately both women are lost to their isolation. For Susan, her breaking point comesRead MoreJeremiahs Sermon On The World Of Judah1646 Words   |  7 Pagesrelate it to the people. God gave the prophet the ability to see and understand these visions of future events so that he could reveal God’s plan to the nations. Jeremiah would cry out in the ears of the people until the third and final destruction of Jerusalem in 587 B.C. by the Babylonians. During his life, Jeremiah faced many hardships and trials. His life is described as lonely, and his ministry seemed to bring very little profit. He is sometimes referred to as the â€Å"weeping prophet† because of

Islamic Art Is Intended To Suggest But Not To Portray The Divine Presence Essay Example For Students

Islamic Art Is Intended To Suggest But Not To Portray The Divine Presence Essay Islamic art is unlike the art of many other cultures. The main reason for this difference is that the subjects of Islamic art are strictly controlled by the religious beliefs held by Muslims. Any Muslim artist must work within strict guidelines, largely set out in the Quran, when producing any work of art. These guidelines define what is acceptable as a subject for a work of art and also the form that any work of art may take. The forms of art that are deemed acceptable and their symbolism give an indication of the intention of Islamic art. I will attempt to show through examples of different types of Islamic art that the intention of Islamic art is merely to suggest and not to portray the divine presence. The Prophet Muhammad made several comments concerning art God is Beautiful and Loves Beauty (Muhammad), he also said God likes that when you do anything, you do it excellently. (Muhammad). These Prophetic sayings (hadiths) among other things may have provided the driving force for Muslims desire to embellish and beautify not only their places of worship, but also their homes and even objects commonly used in everyday life. The main focus of Islamic art appears to be on ornamentation rather than art for arts sake, whereas the focus of art in other religious frameworks has quite often moved away from ornamentation and towards art for arts sake. The principles of Islam mean that certain types of art are prohibited for religious reasons. Firstly, any portrayal of God is strictly forbidden as Muslims believe that God should be the subject of worship, not his physical manifestation. Hence, any physical representation of God could be seen as worship of Gods manifestation. This would be seen as a form of idolatry which is strictly forbidden by the Quran God does not forgive the worship of others beside Him though He does forgive whoever He will for lesser sins for whoever does this has gone far, far astray (4:116). Islam as a religion is strongly opposed to any form of idolatry as it supplanted pagan religions that were based on idolatry. One of the Prophet Muhammads most famous acts was the casting out of the idols from the Kaaba in Mecca in the year 630AD. As Muslims attempt to follow the example of the prophet Muhammad in their lives they too cast out any form of idolatry from their lives. The practice of giving God characteristics of his creation by portraying him in any physical sense in art falls into the category of shirk in al-Asma was-Sifat (the Names and Attributes of God). Shirk is one of the greatest sins in Islam as it suggests the worship of something other than the one true God. Hence any form of art that represents a manifestation of God is inherently forbidden by Islamic beliefs. This rule also applies for representations of the prophet Muhammad. In any picture where the Prophet is portrayed either his face is veiled or he is illustrated as a cloud of flames so it can be seen that Muhammad is not a subject of worship. Were he to be portrayed in paintings etc. the focus of worship could be drawn away from God and, in the eyes of the Muslim community, wrongly focused on Muhammad and this would be another example of shirk. Secondly, Muslims believe that artists should not try to rival the creator, therefore representations of animals, plants or humans in Islamic art are heavily stylised and realism is completely shunned. .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f , .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .postImageUrl , .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f , .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f:hover , .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f:visited , .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f:active { border:0!important; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f:active , .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uae6171298a2df4649c930edd4469ce2f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Abstract Art EssayAlmost all paintings in Islamic art are completely two dimensional with no attempt to include perspective to add a suggestion of depth within the painting; this is to completely avoid what could be interpreted as an imitation of real life and therefore an attempt to rival the creator. Sculpture is also extremely rare in Islamic art as the three dimensional nature of sculpture and the fact that the most common subjects of sculpture are humans or animals imply an attempt to rival Gods work. This is forbidden as it suggests that the work of Man could rival that of God. The central concept of the Islam faith is the unity and Oneness of God (Tahwid). This concept is difficult to express visually, but Islamic art suggests this concept through its use of style and form. In particular the geometric patterns in Islamic art reflect those seen in nature and this helps to highlight the presence of order and law within nature and thus the all-pervading presence of God throughout nature. In this way geometric patterns in Islamic art help to suggest the divine presence. One of the most prevalent forms of Islamic art is calligraphy, in particular calligraphy of the verses of the Quran. This is because the word of the Quran is seen as the visible body of the divine word and hence is of the utmost importance to Muslims. Most mosques are decorated with verses from the Quran. Using verses of the Quran as decoration ensures that only the divine word of God is being worshipped, not a representation of God Himself. The fact that verses of the Quran are so frequently seen by Muslims as they are used as decoration also serves as a reminder that God is always close to Muslims, hence using verses of the Quran as decoration serves to suggest the divine presence of God, without directly portraying it. Some copies of the Quran itself can be viewed as pieces of art. The calligraphy of verses of the Quran can be very elaborate as the Arabic language lends itself to calligraphy very well. The pages of the Quran are also often decorated with geometric and arabesque motifs. Geometric and arabesque design are prolific in Islamic art, these styles of design are the most common styles to be found within mosques. The geometric designs found in Islamic art are based on simple geometric shapes, circles, triangles, squares and other regular polygons. These simple shapes are then put together to make elaborate repeating patterns. These elaborate repeating patterns often incorporate stylised representations of plants or animals within their designs. The incorporation of plants and animals within the designs may serve to remind Muslims of the unity of creation. The repeating geometric patterns of these designs are governed by mathematical laws and this reflects the feeling that Islamic art is a manifestation of a law expressing unity and continuity; thus the inclusion of plants and animals within the design reminds Muslims that the same law applies to all creation. To Muslims when these forms are taken together they make up an infinite pattern that symbolises the infinite and therefore non-centralised nature of Gods creation. This feeling of infinity regarding Gods creation promotes the feeling of Gods omnipresence and in this way the geometric and arabesque styles found in Islamic art suggest rather than portray the divine presence. The architecture of Islam is yet another tool that the Muslim artist uses to suggest the divine presence of God. The most obvious example of the architecture of Islam is the architecture of mosques. The architecture of mosques reflects geometry found in nature, they display simple geometric forms found in nature. The design of almost all mosques is based on the Prophets mosque at Medina and hence most mosques have a very similar structure; in general they are rectangular with a large dome and a tall tower known as the minaret. The inside of the mosque contains a large open prayer room and within this room on the Qiblah wall that faces Mecca is a niche known as the mithrab. .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 , .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .postImageUrl , .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 , .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5:hover , .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5:visited , .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5:active { border:0!important; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5:active , .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5 .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5deefc68b32134ea0b9332430991a7c5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Clip Art EssayThe mithrab although usually empty is often the most decorated part of the mosque. It is usually decorated with geometric and arabesque motifs and as well as calligraphic verses from the Quran. The most noticeable feature of a mosque is the emptiness of the interior space, this emptiness is supposed to remind Muslims in the mosque of the emptiness of the desert and the purity of the revelation of the Quran to Muhammad. The emptiness is intended to lead Muslims towards an intuition of the nearness of God and hence the architecture of the mosque serves to suggest the divine presence of God. It is clear from the guidelines surrounding Islamic art as well as the styles employed by Muslim artists that Islamic art is intended to suggest rather than portray the divine presence. One of the most fundamental rules concerning Islamic art is that God himself must not be portrayed; this is clear evidence that it is not the intention of Islamic art to portray the divine presence. The principles that underpin almost all Islamic art are the principles of unity and continuity. The themes of unity and continuity are ever-present within the motifs and geometric designs that are such a large part of Islamic art. These principles quite clearly reflect the Muslim beliefs concerning the unity of God and hence show that the intention of Islamic art is to suggest the divine presence. Thus it can be seen that Islamic art is intended to suggest but not to portray the divine presence.

Discrimination Essays (1217 words) - Sexual Orientation,

Discrimination Alternative Discrimination In today's American society, it is expected that young men and young women court eachother, marry, and eventually raise a family. This is the kind of life that is expected, the one almost every parent wants for his or her child. Not all men however are attracted to women and not all women are attracted to men. So what is thought of the young men and women who do not fit in to this predestined lifestyle? Although homosexuality has become more mainstream, it is still looked at as an unnatural, unclean, alternative lifestyle by most. Homosexuals, as well as those who accept them, are often labeled freaks. My acceptance of homosexuality puts me in a position where I find myself not only enduring criticism but also defending my own sexuality, and it is because of this that I feel there is a limit to how close I can get to those who oppose homosexuality. I personally believe that people are people. We all have differences, whether it be our race, religion, ethnic background, or sexuality. At one time, it was considered acceptable to condemn and discriminate against those with dark skin. In today's society, however, this behavior is looked down upon by most and considered despicable. The treatment of and the assumptions made about gays are despicable and hopefully will change in the future for the better. I, one night, found myself in a situation that was reminiscent of something that would have occurred in the sixties when ignorance was rampant. An openly gay friend of mine and I were dancing and minding our own business one night in a club in Greenwich Village. We were not only verbally harassed by an observer who was standing near us but we were also pushed and told to go dance somewhere else. These kinds of incidents occur all the time. Homosexuals, as 2 well as those who support them, endure all types of ridicule. It is okay for someone to have their own opinions on matters; it is when one imposes his beliefs on others that it becomes wrong. I have come to realize that the way I view having gay friends and the way the general public views having gay friends are completely different. I am a heterosexual, black female who has a diverse group of friends. We became friends because we were attracted to eachother's differences and we respect eachother's differences. Of course, in a group of friends certain characteristics may rub off on eachother such as the way one dresses or the slang they may use. Sexuality, however, is not a characteristic that would rub off on someone. Sexuality is inborn, that is why I found it ridiculous that some people felt that my associating with homosexuals would somehow influence my sexuality. My heterosexual male friends have expressed fear of my turning into a lesbian because I am constantly around this lifestyle. To me, this is the same as fearing that I am going to one day turn white or one day become a man. All of these fears have the same level of absurdity and thus prove my point that the thought process of those who accept homosexuality and those who don't are so completely opposite, it is nearly impossible to make them think otherwise. In today's society, most people strive to be politically correct in the way they word certain ideas or the way they label people. We should, however, concentrate on being more politically correct in how we stereotype people and how we assume negative things about people we clearly have no knowledge about. People today seem to have no problem accepting those who have different religious beliefs, ethnic background, or skin color, yet when it comes to 3 sexuality there seems to be a high level of ignorance. The general public stereotypes homosexuals and because I interact with them so closely with them, I too am stereotyped and misunderstood. The differences in opinion on this particular issue make it hard for me to develop close relationships with those who oppose homosexuality. eachother, marry, and eventually raise a family. This is the kind of life that is expected, the one almost every parent wants for his or her child. Not all men however are attracted to women and not all women are attracted to men. So what is thought of the young men and women who do not fit in to this predestined lifestyle? Although homosexuality has become more mainstream, it is still looked at as an unnatural, unclean, alternative lifestyle by most. Homosexuals, as well as those who accept them, are often labeled freaks. My acceptance of homosexuality puts me in a position where

Free Essays on Good Emperors

The Five Good Emperors known as Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, were a series of excellent emperors who ruled in Rome from 96-180 AD, following the Flavian Dynasty. They were called this because they won the support and support of the senate, which is something their predecessors had been unsuccessful to do. The period of the five good emperors was mainly famous for the peaceful way of succession. Each emperor chose his successor by adopting an heir, preventing the political chaos related with the succession both before and after this period.(1) The first of these great emperors was Marcus Cocceius Nerva, ruling from 96-98 AD, who was selected to take the throne by the assassins of the prior emperor, Domitian. He was an old-fashioned man who promised to deal with the senate fairly and never put one of its members to death. The key things that characterize the control of Nerva are his excellent relations with the senate, his achievement of Dominitan's projects, his immense amount of expenses on securing public good will, his effort to boost resident loathe for Dominitan, and the fact that he initiated an arrangement of adopting heirs to make certain the run of the best candidates. He adopted Trajan to be his heir, and thus inheriting the throne after him. The second emperor, Trajan, was in power from 98-117 and began his reign with display, killing all the leaders of the group who had humiliated Nerva. He was named Optimus Maximus, meaning the best because of his respect for the senate and a series of foreign wars in which he attempted to expand the empire. He is well known for his assistance to public services, including a raise in the free distribution of food, the repair of roads, and the construction of the Forum, Market, and baths of Trajan. He adopted Hadrian, who became his heir. Publius Aelius Hadrianus, Hadrian, the third of the great emperors to rule Rome, was in power from 117-138. His first ac... Free Essays on Good Emperors Free Essays on Good Emperors The Five Good Emperors known as Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, were a series of excellent emperors who ruled in Rome from 96-180 AD, following the Flavian Dynasty. They were called this because they won the support and support of the senate, which is something their predecessors had been unsuccessful to do. The period of the five good emperors was mainly famous for the peaceful way of succession. Each emperor chose his successor by adopting an heir, preventing the political chaos related with the succession both before and after this period.(1) The first of these great emperors was Marcus Cocceius Nerva, ruling from 96-98 AD, who was selected to take the throne by the assassins of the prior emperor, Domitian. He was an old-fashioned man who promised to deal with the senate fairly and never put one of its members to death. The key things that characterize the control of Nerva are his excellent relations with the senate, his achievement of Dominitan's projects, his immense amount of expenses on securing public good will, his effort to boost resident loathe for Dominitan, and the fact that he initiated an arrangement of adopting heirs to make certain the run of the best candidates. He adopted Trajan to be his heir, and thus inheriting the throne after him. The second emperor, Trajan, was in power from 98-117 and began his reign with display, killing all the leaders of the group who had humiliated Nerva. He was named Optimus Maximus, meaning the best because of his respect for the senate and a series of foreign wars in which he attempted to expand the empire. He is well known for his assistance to public services, including a raise in the free distribution of food, the repair of roads, and the construction of the Forum, Market, and baths of Trajan. He adopted Hadrian, who became his heir. Publius Aelius Hadrianus, Hadrian, the third of the great emperors to rule Rome, was in power from 117-138. His first ac...

Should human cloning be banned Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Should human cloning be banned - Research Paper Example The future of cloning depends totally on the new researches which are being done. Cloning so far has not been successful as it was expected. A sheep dolly was cloned in the year 1996 and it was considered as one of the most successful cloning experiment on an animal. Cloning has never showed any positive results on human beings. Cloning has been approved by many scientists and groups who argue that it holds the potential for many benefits for human beings and can serve to provide results and treatments that other methods have failed to provide. On the other hand, cloning has been rejected on the basis of ethical considerations. It has faced social as well as religious criticism owing to many reasons which include the fact that cloning has not yielded any major benefits as yet and also it serves to challenge the normal working and equilibrium of the world. Cloning has received much publicity after its breakthrough of cloning an animal sheep Dolly in the year 1996 which provided hope in the technique to uphold the fact that it could yield major benefits to mankind that he himself was not aware of. Many scientists supported this technique and believed that it could actually work in areas of the medical and scientific field where other research had failed. Cloning is believed to be a method which can serve to treat many pathological conditions and enhance the quality of life of human beings. It is presented by scientists that cloning holds the potential of providing clones of organs of the body as well as blood which can assist in organ transplantation as well as blood transfusions. These procedures can serve as life saving measures for patients whose organs completely stop functioning or function in an improper way. It is also analyzed that cloning can be beneficial for infertile couples and assist them in having their own genetic child ren. It is also widely believed that certain diseases which include cancer can be

Background To Articulation In The Performance Practice Of Bach' Era Essay

Background To Articulation In The Performance Practice Of Bach' Era - Essay Example D. The 'cantabile' style; Bach's enticement, almost persistence, on arriving at a 'cantabile' manner of playing of the collected works both striking and imperative for indicating how Bach himself wished these pieces to be realized auditorily. In luminosity of the serious difficulties facing musicologists employing stylistic examination of ancient music (as opposed to very successful structural analysis), it makes common sense to re-claim the term "style" to pass on to the manner in which works are realized by the musician in performance and to merge it with an aesthetic consideration for what may be termed "stylistically informed performance practice". By and large speaking, aside from JS Bach's keyboard pieces in the French style, his objectives for the auditory realization of his mid-period works on stringed clavier instruments were likely to be in the polished, cosmopolitan (Italian) cantabile style of the time, a style which is well predictable and taught by the music aestheticia n J.J. Quantz in his treatise on playing the flute. E. Rhetoric and the relationship between composer and performer; rhetoric was an elementary material of education and humanist and considered to be the only way of teaching expressions and grammatical both. There were periods in the times gone by of music in which the rhetorical standard, as expressed by Bach, had a comprehensive connotation in terms of music and more importantly for instrumental music; a fact well-known to musicologists these days by way of the theoretical primary sources available. On the other hand, modern-day practitioners, particularly instrumentalists, are not fully aware of the far-reaching gravity of the rhetorical principle and its submission to an important part of the repertoire. The relationship between speech and music, as well as rhetoric and music without a doubt illustrates that both come about over time and are received by the ear. This implies a further commonality between speech and music: both consist of continuous alterations of their elements ( pitch and utterance, respectively), which are syntactically organized. In other expressions, both are systems bottom on symbols that even share common secondary semantic content: repetition, accent, caesura, articulation, range, contrast, extension, dynamics, rhythm, and not lastly the dependence on presentation. F. "Figurae"; Pritz defined two types of figurae that can be used by the singers or at least they should be aware of that; he defines two types of Figurae; one is Simple and other one is compound. Marpurg defines the importance of figurae in such a manner that they should be the part of a rhetoric music. G. "Of itinerary", the separating line between the two camps is rather unclear, since many solemn musicians put a lot of thought into how they play, and often research the chronological background and practices of the works they perform. And scholars inquire about more than mere theoretical correctness in performances. H. This line has become predominantly unclear with the emergence of the Early Music movement, which Modern performers eye with subterranean interest, misgiving, and even a little

Water Prevention And Control Of Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Water Prevention And Control Of Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay The water law framework in our country is attributed by the coexistence of a number of different principles, rules and acts adopted over several decades extending from common law principles and irrigation acts from the colonial acts to the recent regulation of water quality and pollution. The basic underlying reasons for water law reforms are both physical and institutional. Over the past few decades water has gradually become sparse in many parts of the country. This can be attributed to increased pollution of finite water resources and also increased use of water by all categories of water users as a consequence of economic and population growth. The Water Act of 1974 was Indias first attempt towards dealing comprehensively with the environment related issues. Water is a subject in the State List under the Constitution. Consequently, the Water Act which is a central law came into being under Article 252(I) of the Constitution which empowers the Union Government to make laws in a field reserved for states. All the states have approved the implementation of Water Act 1974. In spite of this there is a lack of umbrella legislation at the national level because of which different state and central legal interventions do not coincide often. Water Prevention And Control Of Pollution Act, 1974 Salient Features The Water Act establishes a Central and State pollution control boards. The Central Board may advise the Central Govt. on water pollution issues, coordinate the activities of state pollution control boards and devise a comprehensive plan for the control and prevention of water pollution. In case of any conflicts between the Central and the State boards, central board prevails. This act is applicable to streams, inland waters, subterranean waters, and sea or tidal waters. Standards for the discharge of effluent or the quality of the used water being released into the water sources are to be prescribed by the state boards. Any person or any industry for that matter has to take the consent of the state board before proceeding towards establishing any industry, operation or process or any treatment or waste disposal system. The Act specifies other important functions of the state boards as follows: Devising a comprehensive programme for prevention, control and abatement of water pollution in respective states Encouraging, conducting, and participating in investigations and research of water pollution problems Inspecting facilities for sewage and developing economical and reliable methods of its treatment State board in its capacity may take emergency measures if it foresees accidents or events that might pollute the water bodies. These measures include activities like removing the pollutants, alleviating the damage and issuing orders to the polluter prohibiting effluent discharges. Under section 33A state boards can issue directions to any person, office or authority, including orders to close, prohibit or regulate any industry, operation or process and to stop or regulate the supply of water, electricity or any other service. Not complying with a court order under section 33 or a direction from the board under section 33A is punishable by fines and imprisonment as per section 41. In order to assist the Water Act, the Water Pollution Board constituted under the Pollution Act, has been empowered under the Cess Act to levy a cess/tax for meeting the financial requirements for its working. This cess is for the purposes and utilization under the Water Act. The Cess Act grants a rebate in the cess payable to those who install a plant for the treatment of sewage or effluents. This is one of the steps to encourage establishments to set up effluent treatment plants and process the effluents before releasing them. However it is to be noted that Cess Act cannot be deciphered individually and should be taken into consideration only in relation with the Water Act. While it is quite evident that water laws are the need of the hour but these water law reforms can only contribute to solving water management issues but fail to solve issues related to human rights, social, environmental and health aspects of water. Textile industry The textile industry in India mainly depends upon exports and manufacturing. Export income from textiles account for around 30% of Indias export revenues and 3% of Indias Gross domestic product. This industry has grown a lot over the past few years especially after the economic liberalization in 1991 where the country was opened to free trade under the auspices of Dr Manmohan Singh. The table below gives the major strength and weaknesses of the textile industry in the country Strengths Weaknesses Production Capacity Increased global competition Cheap Labor Dumping Efficient production facilities Huge Decentralized sector Large domestic markets High production costs Large Export Potential Poor Supply chain management Flexible manufacturing Systems Outdated technologies To grow at a rate of around 15% in the coming years the sector needs to keep in mind the following points which shall go a long way in ensuring that growth is maintained at healthy rate and is also sustainable. Threat of competition in Domestic Market Ecological and Social Awareness Ecological and social awareness are going to play a huge role in determining who is going to reap profits in a sustainable manner keeping in view the sensitivity of the stakeholders who are most of the times the losers when large scale development takes place. The industry is likely to face pressure from the media, the Government and the common people to follow international norms and regulations which shall prohibit it from using natural resources like Water which is a key ingredient in producing textiles. The way this industry uses water and how much it pollutes the various sources shall be determined by external factors. Developed markets have extremely high standards of consumer consciousness on issues such as polluting Dyes, Usage of Child Labor, Unhealthy working conditions of the mill workers etc. Standards like SA 8000 have now been started to get implemented in the industry at a large scale. This has also led to pressure on companies to limit sourcing from countries which violate the practices mandated under the norms of SA 8000. The Indian industry needs to improve its working practices and the fallout of the new international developments in this particular area. In such a scenario large players can take advantage of this and indulge in practices which promote sustainability. Proper water Use by textile mills and recycling and purifying water and then reusing it for industrial purposes can also serve the purpose in the long run. Textile Industry and water Pollution Textile Industry is one of the most polluting industries in the country and in terms of consumption of water it constitutes around 3.2% of total consumption of water for various processes like scouring, sizing, and bleaching, dying and other associated processes. It is one of the most growing sectors in the Indian economy in terms of its contribution to the total GDP of the country. Water pollution is done by each and every process in the whole manufacturing of textiles, The table below gives an exhaustive list of the various processes and the nature of effluents and pollutants which are released as a result of the above. Process Pollutants Nature of Effluents Desizing Starch, Glucose, Resins, Fats and Waxes High Biochemical oxygen demand Kiering Caustic Soda, Wax, Grease, Soda Ash, Sodium Sillicate Strongly Alkaline, High Biochemical oxygen Demand Bleaching Hypochlorite, Caustic soda, Hydrogen peroxide and acids Low biochemical oxygen demand and strongly alkaline Mercerization Caustic Soda Strongly alkaline, low biochemical oxygen demand Dyeing Reducing agents like sulphides, acetic acids and soaps Fairly high biochemical oxygen demand ,strongly colored Printing Dyes, starch, gums oil, china clay, mordants, acids and salts Faily high biochemical oxygen demand, Oily appearance Finishing Special finishes, starch, salts, tallow Low Biochemical oxygen demand, less alkaline The polluted water is very harmful for human beings living in and around the area where the pollution takes place as the turbidity of the water is very high and toxic elements present in the water which have a detrimental effect on humans and animals make such water unfit for consumption. The stakeholders which reside alongside areas which are affected by this menace face severe health hazards and face decrease and productivity and life span as a result of the above. Effects on Aquatic Life and Other living creatures High PH levels in water makes it alkaline, alkaline water is not fit for aquatic creatures like fishes and it also causes incrustation in sewers and may also damage crops by hampering their natural growth rate. Spoiling the natural color of water hampers the passage of sunlight and thus prevents photosynthesis in the aquatic plants and other marine life existing inside water. The effluents and oils present in the pollutants which are passed into water increase the turbidity of water and gives it a bad appearance and foul smell. Oily scum interferes with the oxygen transfer and colloidal matter clog the pores of soil. High levels of dissolved solids are detrimental to sewers as it causes incrustation in sewers. High level of sodium is also harmful to crops. Dissolved oxygen in water is an essential element in marine life and therefore the amount of oxygen required to correct the effluent is expressed in the form of biochemical oxygen demand or BOD. Steps to curb Water Pollution To curb pollution due to these textile mills in the areas around them the following measures can be taken in order to increase measures leading to long term sustainability as a corporate strategy which is wholly aligned to the business goals of being profitable in the long run and acquire market share in the future. Reduction in waste water volume: The water used in processing of textiles is reduced to a considerable extent such that the effluent concentration is limited to a specified small volume of water and it does not start impacting larger volume of water. Counter flow processing Water re-use technique which uses the same water before discharging it into the water body so that effluent concentration is limited to a small volume and more water is saved in the process. Reduction of process chemicals: The process chemicals create more than 90% of the pollution in textile industries. This also brings down the production cost in terms of the chemicals used. It can be achieved through reusing various chemicals when processes are completed. For Example: Caustic soda is recovered from the mercerizing and sourcing and is consequently filtered and dialyzed so that it can be reused. Process modification would involve slight modifications in the various processes used during manufacturing in order to create lesser pollution and reduces unnecessary wastage of water. Certain alternate chemicals can also be used during manufacturing so that recovering those chemicals become easy and it thus can be used in further manufacturing processes. Pre-Release Stage Water Treatment Before water is released into the nearest water body it is essential that it is treated properly in order to ensure that there is significant reduction in the level of pollutants in water before it gets released into the water body. The following steps are necessary in order to ensure proper water condition before release into the nearest river or stream or lake. Primary Treatment: It involves concepts of removal of suspended solids by sedimentation, floatation or coagulation techniques using alum and electrolyte. Secondary Treatment: This involves oxidation of organic matter by aeration either by chemical of biological methods or by both. This is done in presence of micro organisms in presence of chemicals such as Urea. Pollutants resistant to biodegradation such as detergents and petrochemicals are removed by non biological means and are again treated with bleaching powder before releasing them into the water body. Tertiary Treatments: Tertiary treatment contains of three main methods like Chemical Coagulation which involves a mixing tank with the effluent and the coagulant mixed and its PH adjusted to an optimum level. The resultant coagulated material is separated by sedimentation or flocculation. Carbon absorption Technique which is effective in removing pigments and dyes using carbon which is activated and has large surface area. Reverse osmosis where cellulose acetate is used to create a semi permeable membrane and subjected to pressure which is usually greater than the osmotic pressure of the effluent. This process can remove 95% of the dissolved solid content as the solution passes from area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Now to discuss the applicability of these methods to curb water pollution in Textile industry and also to do the cost benefit analysis of the same we shall discuss a relevant case of Tiruppur Textile Industry. Case discussion: Tiruppur Textile Industry Background South Asia lately has become the hub of Industrialisation and the unchecked growth is leading to severe environmental problems. Industries have sprung up as clusters which is why the issue of environmental pollution becomes even more relevant in highly water polluting industries like textile dyeing, leather tanning, paper and pulp processing, sugar manufacturing, etc. The runoff released by these industries leads to contamination of surface and ground water sources and eventually impacts the livelihood of the poor. In a usual scenario, the above mentioned industrial units function at a small or medium scale, are a huge employment opportunity for the locals and have the potential to generate foreign exchange because all these industries are export oriented and more than half of their produce is shipped abroad. Given the vast coverage of these industries, the pollution control mechanisms have been awfully weak in these units. The pollution control authorities have been lenient in imple menting the law and ensuring prevention of water pollution caused due to these industries mainly considering the socio economic benefits that they provide and also the low financial capacity of the small scale units. It is a huge capital investment for the relatively smaller industrial units to set up effluent treatment plants and the return on investment is very low. Since they provide employment, therefore these agencies have not tightened the noose on them. This stance of the Pollution Control Boards further discouraged the polluting industries to formulate and implement pollution management and reduction strategies either by efficient effluent treatment or process changes by adopting newer and cleaner technologies. In this report we have attempted to analyse the environmental impact of the production process followed in a textile unit with reference to Tiruppur, a major textile cluster in South India. A cost benefit analysis of the implementation of cleaner production processes and setting up of treatment plants has also been done to depict the return on investment for these textile units. Textile Industry And Its Benefits Tiruppur, located in Tamil Nadu, is a leading cotton knitwear industrial hub in South India. The industrial activities have experienced a rapid growth during the last two decades due to decentralization and flexibility. At this point of time more than 9000 small-scale textile related units are operating with a volume of investment more than US $ 200 million. The city of Tiruppur contributes 56% of the total cotton knitwear exports from India. The industry provides socio-economic benefits to the local community and to the nation in the form of employment, income, and foreign exchange. More than 2 lakh people are directly employed by this industry. The export value from Tiruppur during the year 2002 was about US $ 957.5 million. An equal amount is sold in the domestic market. The economic opulence of Tiruppur on this industry and the local community is employed either directly or indirectly in this industry in one way or the other. Textile Process And Pollution The textile manufacturing process on the whole is a polluting activity with the major contributors being the bleaching and dyeing (textile processing).During 1981, in Tiruppur , only around 70 textile units were operating. This number drastically rose to 450 ten years later and further to 866 in 1997. With due credit to efforts of the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) against the release of untreated effluents some units had to be shut down because of non-conformity to the pollution prevention standards in the state. In 2004 there were a total of 702 textile processing units functioning in Tiruppur. These units together used around 85 million litres per day (mld) of water and discharged a similar quantity (83 mld) as effluents, which are laced with a significant volume of chemicals used at the wet processing stage. The point worth noting here is that the amount of water used as input is almost same as the amount of water that is released in the water bodies which actually me ans that if there is a possibility to treat the effluents, the resultant residual water can be used as a recycled input and thus costs can be decreased. These units collectively produced a quantity of 15,000 tonnes of cloth per month. The incessant release of untreated effluents for more than 10 years has resulted in accumulation of harmful suspended and dissolved solids in the soil, ground water, etc. at Tiruppur and surroundings. During 1980 to 2000, the cumulative pollution load discharged by the Tiruppur units is as follows: Total Dissolved Solids(TDS) : 2.35 million tonnes Chloride: 1.31mt Sulphate: 0.13 mt Total Suspended Solids: 0.098 mt Chemical Oxygen Demand: 0.09mt Biological Oxygen Demand: 0.03 mt Oil and Grease: 0.001mt Impact of Textile Effluents On The Environment From the research conducted on water pollution in Tiruppur area, it is clearly evident that the accumulation of chemicals had added to the woes. All ground water studies showed that open wells and bore wells in and around Tiruppur exhibited high levels of TDS (ranging from 3000mg/l to 11,000 mg/l) and Chloride (ranging from 2000 mg/l to 5000 mg/l) due to industrial pollution and these values were much higher than the background level for this region. The available groundwater in this region was rendered unsuitable for domestic, industrial or irrigation consumption. The surface water studies indicated that the Noyyal river (the river passes through Tiruppur and receives the major share of untreated effluents), reservoir, downstream of Noyyam, (Orthapalayam) and irrigation tanks have been adversely affected by industrial pollution and the surface water is unfit for consumption purposes. A study to measure the quality of soil also indicated the pollution concentration and most of the ar ea the soil is alkaline (pH >8.5) or tending to alkalinity (pH 8-8.5). The Damage Cost Imposed By Pollution Due to high water pollution many adverse effects in the ecology of the Tiruppur area are observed. Agricultural water, drinking water and various fisheries in Tiruppur area and downstream villages have been affected. The water which has been polluted by the textile industry is injurious (EC>3mmhos/cm) to agriculture in an area of 146.3 square km and critical (EC 1.1 to 3 mmhos/cm) in 218.3 square km. Because of this, crop productivity in these villages has declined substantially which has affected the welfare of farmers. Recently farmers took action and filed a case against the industry. The total cost to agriculture was estimated at US $50 million. Drinking water in these villages has also been affected and the municipality has to bring additional water from neighboring villages. In affected villages, special water supply schemes have been issued by the Water Board. Also, a lot of the short fall is being met by bringing water from distant sources of water which leads to the wastage of a lot of time and effort. Considerin all of this, the total damage cost due to pollution of drinking water comes down to US$23.8 million. The fisheries activities in various downstream regions like the Noyyalriver, tanks and reservoirs have been affected as well. Fish mortality rate has increased which has led to a stoppage of fish culture. US $.15 miilion comes out to be the loss in value of fish and besides that, the possibility of the toxicity of existing fish is also high, consumption of which can lead to serious health problems. This high level of pollution has had an adverse effect on the operations of the industry itself. Since most of the industrial wells in this area have only coloured, or very highly polluted water, major water supply is brought in through tankers from peripheral areas. The cost incurred by the industry to maintain this additional source of water supply is US $165 million. Besdies this, the continued buying of water leads to the development of a water market, which causes the water levels in the peripheral villages to go down, affecting the livelihood of villagers. On many occasions, protests have been done by villagers against the water transfer. A mega water supply project is being undertaken by the Tiruppur Area Development Corporation. The total cost of this project is estimated to be US $269 millions and will have to be financed by government agencies and the consortium. Under this scheme, it has been planned that 185 mld of water, which would be both industrial and domestic, would be transferred to Tiruppur from River Cauvery, which is an interstate and a very controversial river in India. If this project would succeed, the industry will need to pay more than what they are currently paying for water, which could result in a huge cost increase for textile processing. Besides these quantifiable terms, human health and aquatic eco-system of river, tanks and reservoir, livestock etc. also get affected by water pollution, but their cost has not been taken into account as it is not easy to express in monetary terms. Status of Effluent Treatment On seeing various adverse effects and hence assessing the seriousness of pollution from textile affluents, the Courts finally gave an order against the continued functioning of various polluting units without being accompanied by effluent treatment plants in 1997. After this order, the state pollution control agency has increased the amount of pressure on all the textile manufacturing units towards effluent treatment. The units which were too small to comply with these regulations and survive were closed. Presently out of the existing 702 units, 278 units are treating upto 38 mld of water effluents through Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CEPTs) which are 8 in number and 424 units are treating upto 45 mldof chemical effluents using Individual Effluent Treatment Plants (IETPs). For effective effluent treatment, US $ 10 million has been spent for various fixed costs, which the Government subsidizes heavily. Besides these, an additional US $ 6.7 million has already been incurred as ann ual running costs. The cost analysis has shown that the variable cost per unit of effluent treatment is much higher than the capital cost both in the IETPs (which is 86% of total cost) and CETPs (which is 73%). Unfortunately the current treatment system is not sufficient for reducing the large amounts of TDS, particularly the acids like Chloride and Sulphates. The average concentration of TDS in the treated effluents is 300 of the TNPCB standard of 2100 mg/l. The same is true of Chloride, which averages more than 300% of the CETP existent standard. Learnings from the case Thus we can see that the management of environment at the Tiruppur textile industry has been difficult and the various difficulties faced by the various actors (State Pollution Control Board, Water Resources Organisations, Local Government , Industrial Organisations, NGOs etc.) or interested parties in this regard or in finding a solution for this problem. If these difficulties had been effectively dealt with, the environmental impacts could not have continued at this level. The above analysis on various RO plants and CPT for the textile units has clearly shown the long run advantage to the industries apart from reducing the various social costs. These technologies can be implemented by all large-scale units who possess the capacity for investment and have long-term vision about the business. But the affordability of affluent treatments among existing large number of small and medium units remains a big challenge. The textile manufacturing industry is predominantly an export oriented business which faces high competition. So any investment done on RO or CPT here impacts the cost of production by increasing it in the short run which is especially true for the smaller units. Also being able to find such big investment, which is approximately more than 10-20 times the overall capital investment, is almost impossible. But the introduction of a much cleaner production for textiles and the availability of advanced treatment technology is the viable long term solution towards further improvement of environmental standards. Realizing the same facts, (i.e. the existing economic benefits of the Tiruppur industry, social costs of pollution, various constraints in effective management of pollution among small scale units, and the need for a having a critical solution for the pollution problem), an integrated process of pollution management can be attempted at by different actors who are related to Tiruppur textile business. In such circumstances the role of various foreign buyers and the consumers of Tiruppur garments are greatly significant. If a very strong demand for garments which are pollution free or come with a green label is observed from them along with a willingness to pay more, definitely it would provide pressure to introduce cleaner technology by the various industries operating in this domain. A few very small units will have no other option but to close down, since making such an investment may not be viable for them. Other units however can think of various steps like unit modification individually or even have joint units. Most critical are proper technical guidelines for these units and financial support is needed for the units from various domestic and foreign research institutions and other donor agencies. In parallel, sincere collaborative efforts from joint industrial associations, pollution law enforcement agencies, industrial consultants and experts, etc. are also required. Only than the textile industry in Tiruppur would be a ble to achieve the ideal objective of sustainable development. Recommended Strategy for companies in textile industry The companies in Textile industries can be divided into two: Major players with financial strength to invest in greener technologies and small player which need assistance even to maintain regulatory standards. Hence the strategy will also differ based on the type of company. Strategy for small players A broad categorization has been done based on the revenue. Below Rs. 10 million the company can be said a small company. It is imperative for a small company to follow regulatory standards at least. While government is finding difficult to close all such factory due to labor intensive nature of such industry it is always a long term risk hence the standards should always be maintained. Hence their strategy is to achieve the minimum standards by increasing the cost as less as possible. The immediate high investment in green technology may throw them out of market. Following strategy must be followed by the company. To have least impact on increment in costs the company might seek financial assistance from government subsidy or jointly making investments. To get knowledge assistance it could collaborate with various stakeholders. Strategy for big players: A major player could afford a significant investment for the long term overall benefit. The strategy should be to gain competitive advantage by achieving Cleaner process technology and establishing efficient effluent treatment plants. These will have high investments in short term but will give major cost advantage and high value of intangibles, other important aspect is to have a differentiation based on greener features. This way a high premium could be charged against the product and much higher overall profitability could be achieved.

Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

In Lord of the Flies, a novel by William Golding, an airplane load of school-age boys are stranded on a deserted tropical island after their plane is accidentally shot down during World War II. Since there are no adults, the boys try to organize themselves with a chief, hunters, and a few people to watch a signal fire for any ships that might pass. Factions develop with the original group and the hunters. The child who is chosen to be the chief is Ralph. As the leader of the hunters, Jack, creates his own group, Ralph grows and matures as a result of his internal conflicts. At the start of the novel, Ralph is very immature. Like most children, he is excited to find out that there are no adults to watch him and tell him he couldn't do something. At the moment Ralph was told this information from his friend Piggy, he takes off all of his clothes and starts to swim in a pool of water on the beach. When Ralph does this, he is like a child left alone to play his favorite games. He does not care about anything at first because he has a strong belief that his father, who is in the navy, will send someone to rescue them. In the meantime, Ralph and Piggy find a conch shell. If you blow into a conch shell a certain way, in makes a loud, low-pitched sound. Piggy tells Ralph about this, and Ralph uses the sound from the conch to call an assembly. All different aged boys appear on the shore where Ralph blows the conch. When it is thought that all of the boys are there, they begin to have a meeting. First, they elect a chief. They choose Ralph as their leader over a boy who was in the choir and his old school named Jack. After Jack losses, Ralph makes Jack the leader of the hunters. As Ralph tries to make law and build his society, all of the others seem to loose interest in helping one another and go off on their own and play. This happens when Ralph tries to build shelters; everyone builds the first one, then only four build the second one and only Ralph and a boy named Simon build the third and final one. Ralph is currently in the maturing process. He doesn't understand how to be a good leader, but he i s respected by everyone one the island.

Effective Employee Selection and Its Importance Essay

One of the most important decisions comes when having to select an employee to fill a job vacancy. In the current labor market, highly qualified applicants are scarce and, among the existent ones, it is hard to spot the ideal candidate. Sometimes it is so urgent that a position be filled, that a person may win the job by default, or sloppy selection criteria may be applied. A â€Å"quick fix† may ease workload for a while, but it might prove lethal for the business viability itself in the long run. Therefore, a larger attention in the selection process can provide the business with employees who will finally produce the desired results. The analysis of the employee selection process is a fairly new practice. During the 70’s, any systematic attempt to sort out skills was often unpopular (Lee, 50). This began to change during the 80’s and into the 90’s, when an estimated 80% to 90% of companies used pre-employment testing (Brindow and Spencer, 80). As Chris Lee states, â€Å"we are returning to a focus on individual competence [†¦] objective standards are coming back in both education and employment† (Lee, 49). Another survey by researchers Randall, Cooke and Smith established that 95% of employers who tried testing for screening sales candidates were still using it (Randall, 53). All the data shows the inclination of the modern businesses to highly stress on everything that will maximize the effectiveness of employee selection and, consequently, employee performance. Processing an applicant for a job normally entails a series of steps, which are determined by the size of the organization, the types of jobs to be filled or the number of people to be hired. The selection stage should be backed up by an effective recruitment process, which greatly depends on job analysis and job description. Job analysis is â€Å"a process to identify and determine in detail the particular job duties and requirements and the relative importance of these duties for a given job. Job Analysis is a process where judgements are made about data collected on a job† (HR – Guide). Its purpose is to establish and document the â€Å"job relatedness† of employment procedures such as recruitment, selection, training, compensation and performance appraisal through its product, the job description. During the selection process, the job description is used in creating an accurate  advertisement for the job and attracts the proper candidates, that is, the persons that most probably will fit for the specific job. A realistic job preview, based on an accurate job description and specification (the qualifications demanded for the job), will help applicants understand what the job entails and make more informed decisions as to whether they want to apply for the job or not. According to Gregorio Billicopf of the University of California, â€Å"selected applicants who understand both the positive and negative sides of a job, are most likely to stay and succeed†. (Billicopf, 18). After the recruitment process has been concluded and the applicants have sent their resumes, the first step of the selection process should take place; screening the resumes. CV’s provide basic information for use in the next step of the selection process and are used to screen out the unqualified applicants. For instance, if the position requires the ability to use a word processor, the resume provides a clear picture whether the person owns this ability or not. Resume screening is a standard procedure in most organizations during the selection process, despite their size, activity or culture. After the resume screen – out, the remaining applicants will be invited for an interview, which is the most important step in the selection process. It supplements information obtained in other steps in the process to determine the suitability of an applicant for a specific opening. Organizations use several types of interviews. The structured interview is conducted using a predetermined outline that is based on the pre-mentioned job analysis, while unstructured interviews are not based on any outline, and use open – ended questions. The structured interviews should be preferred over the unstructured ones, as the former helps the interviewer maintain control of the interview that all pertinent information on the applicant is covered systematically by also providing the same type of information on all interviewees. On the other hand, unstructured interviews may provide a more relaxed atmosphere, but they â€Å"lack of systematic coverage of information and are very susceptible to the personal biases of the interviewer† (Byars & Rue, 141). Organizations use three additional types of interviewing  techniques to a limited extent; the stress interview, which puts the applicant under pressure while the interviewer adopts a hostile attitude toward the interviewee in order to detect who is highly emotional and who is not, the board or panel interview, in which two or more people conduct an interview with one applicant, and the group interview in which several applicants are questioned together. A successful interview requires training in the skills, techniques and requirements of successful interviewing. All these will include an effective preparation for the interview, such as scheduling a time and location for it, review of all paperwork of the applicant and the current position description and specification and making a list of interview questions that will help in collecting the information needed for the decision. When the applicant arrives, the interviewer should help him / her feel at ease by showing him / her polite and friendly attitude and let him / her know about the organization. During the interview, the answers the applicant will give will prove to be valuable source of information. Carefully selected open – ended questions should be asked so that the answers given will help determine the suitability of the applicant to a particular position. Additionally, this will encourage the interviewees to supply more in depth information. But still, this should follow a specific and consistent outline in order to ensure a uniform method of questioning, which will be applied to all applicants. It is also important to allow silence for thinking and reflection by the applicant, so that he / she slowly reveals his / her basic competencies, which often determine the interviewee’s advantage over the rest of the applicants and affects the hiring decision. A basic competency is a knowledge, skill or behavior essential for one to function as an effective member of the specific organization and is an essential part of the selection criteria developed and reviewed before the interview questions are written (Univ. of Michigan, 38). Finally, it is important to record actual answers to questions as opposed to evaluative or conclusive comments. This will minimize subjectivity and biases, factors that may prove lethal during the hiring process, because the persons adopting them will most  probably end up with the wrong decision and an unsuitable new employee. Even though the interview will certainly tell a lot about the candidate’s qualifications, the only reliable way these qualifications can be measured are tests. The applicants can be tested before, during or after the interview. Tests can be classified as power versus speed tests, as well as written, oral or practical tests. They can measure knowledge, ability, skills, aptitude, attitude, honesty and personality (Billikopf, 20). Whatever the type of the test used, however, the integrity of test questions needs to be guarded. Many tests have undergone validation and reliability studies. The type of test to be used during the selection process depends on the size of the organization, its activity as well as the nature of the position that is to be filled. Aptitude tests measure a person’s capacity or potential ability to learn and perform a job. Some of the more frequently used tests measure verbal ability, numerical ability, and perceptual speed, spatial and reasoning ability. Psychomotor tests measure a person’s strength, dexterity and coordination. Job knowledge tests measure the job related knowledge possessed by a job applicant. Proficiency tests measure how well the applicant can do a sample of the work to be performed. The last ones are the most frequently used by employers worldwide, in all types of organizations. Other types of tests are interest tests, which are designed to determine how a person’s interests compare with the interests of successful people in a specific job, personality tests which attempt to measure personality traits, polygraph tests with the use of the polygraph, a device that records physical changes in a person’s body as he or she answers questions, and physical examinations (drug and AIDS testing or even genetic testing). The last ones are normally required only for the individual who is finally offered the job, and the job offer is often contingent on the individual passing the physical examination. â€Å"The exam is given to determine not only whether the applicant is physically capable of performing the job but also his or her eligibility for group life, health and disability insurance† (Byars, 143). Because of the expense, physical examinations are usually one of the last steps in the selection process. The final step in the selection process is choosing one individual for the job. There are usually more than one qualified persons, but if the previous steps in the selection process have been performed properly, the chances that a value judgment based on all the information gathered will be successful improve dramatically. Because people sometimes falsify their credentials and backgrounds, though, it is important to check references. Additionally, people sometimes interview well but have a record of not actually performing as well as they have led the interviewer to believe. Therefore, it is important to check out any areas in which there are doubts or uncertainties. Reference checks are also a form of insurance. â€Å"The hour or two it takes to conduct a reference check is far less time than the time it will take to deal with performance, attitude or behavior problems† (Univ. of Michigan, 36). The people that the responsible person for the selection has to contact are former supervisors, people whose names the candidate has given as work references to establish the working relationship, people that the employer knows personally who have worked with the candidate and people recommended by any of the above who are said to know the candidate’s work. However, some employers may hesitate to provide negative information about a former employee out of fear of lawsuits. Only people known and trusted can be relied on to give an accurate picture of a potential employee, and, even then, people have different perceptions and personalities, factors that must be considered when weighing employer references. After the evaluation process has been completed, the one most suitable applicant will finally be selected. Recruiting and selecting the right people for the organization is a challenge, and every situation is unique. Innovation, persistence and the ability to communicate the strengths of the business and the benefits of the positions offered, will attract high quality employees. Selecting among them will be hard, but if the selection process steps are implemented properly, the final decision will prove to be really beneficial to the organization. No matter who makes the final decision – the human resource department, the manager of the department or even the owner of the firm -, this decision should be backed up by the correct procedure, otherwise the consequences  could be extremely costly, if not lethal. All managers should be trained on the selection process for the benefit of the organization. WORKS CITED Billikopf, Gregory. â€Å"Labor Management in Agriculture: Cultivating Personnel Productivity†. University of California. 2003. p. 2-5, 18-23. Brindow Peter, Spencer Leslie. â€Å"When Quotas Replace Merit, Everybody Suffers†. Forbes. Feb 1993. p. 80. Byars Lloyd, Rue Leslie. â€Å"Human Resource Management†. 8th edition. Mc Graw – Hill. p. 141-144Job Analysis: An Overview. The HR – Guide. Oct 2002. May 2006. < http://www.job-analysis.net/G000.htm>Lee, Chris. â€Å"Testing Makes a Comeback†. Training Vol. 25. Dec 1988. p. 49-50. M-Pathways Employment Steering Committee Sub-Group Report. â€Å"Conducting a Successful Employee Selection Process†. University of Michigan. Apr 2001. p.20-35. Randall, James. â€Å"A Successful Application Of The Assessment Center Concept To the Salesperson Selection Process†. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management. May 1985. p. 53.