The availability of International Business opportunities in Uzbekistan

The availability of International Business opportuni radio links in UzbekistanInternational address is exchange of goods, services and capital crosswise the borders of different nations. No separate of matter in the conception has all the raw(a) resources generate in sufficient quantity to sustain continuous development. So the countries flock with each other by exporting those goods or products which they have in abundance while aftermathing those which they are deficient in. International trade tends to be generally more costlier than domestic as most countries imposes additional tariffs or duties on the goods travelling through their borders. International trade amongst two countries comprises twain the trade between 2 companies present in different republic and trade between the establishment of a bucolic and the business firm present in other country.The main objective of this audit is to analyze the availability of International Business opportunities present in the Uzbekistan. The report starts with examining the countrys attitude to international trade. thus a brief analysis of the countrys Cultural, Political and Economic Environments is done. After that the countrys business environment is analysed using some of the proposed theories of international trade and as well Porters diamond model of national competitiveness. Finally recommendations based on the above analysis are offered.An Overview of UzbekistanUzbekistan or Republic of Uzbekistan (Ozbekiston Respublikasi) is a country which is part of Central Asia having largest population at bottom the region. Uzbekistan became an independent state on September 1, 1991, from former Soviet Union. Uzbekistan elected Islom Karimov as its president who continues his stain till date. Uzbekistan is a land locked country skirt by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Turkmenistan.Uzbekistan Essential FactsGovernmentRepublic referenceitarian Presidential RuleCapitalTashkentGeog raphic Area447,400 sq kmPopulation27,865,738Literacy Rate99.3% tote DivisionAgriculture 44%, Industry 20%, Services 36%BudgetRevenue 10.54 Billion, Expenditure 10.48 Billion (2009 estimates)GDP (GDP Growth)$77.55 Billion (6.7%)GDP Per Capita$2,800 flash14.1%IndustriesTextiles, Food Processing, Machine Building, Metallurgy, Gold, Petroleum, intrinsic Gas, ChemicalsSource CIA World Fact Book (https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html)Uzbekistan attitude to International TradeUzbekistan joined United Nations in 1992 as fully fledged member and cooperates with 8 UN agencies including The World Bank which supports Uzbekistan in its national reform efforts (United Nations, n.d.). Currently Uzbekistan has foreign diplomatic relations with about 124 countries of the world (Ministry of Foreign Affairs Uzbekistan, n.d.).Uzbekistan has membership in numerous, more than 33, International Organizations including Asian Development Bank (ADB), rural area of Indepe ndent States (CIS), International Finance Corporation, International pecuniary Fund, Islamic Development Bank, Shanghai Cooperation Organization and World Trade Organization (observer status) (Library of Congress, 2007). The main purpose of these organizations is to heighten and facilitate international trade among various countries.Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries are the biggest trade partners of Uzbekistan. Russian secures first place as foreign trade partner of Uzbekistan. Other countries like Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Afghanistan etc. are also heavy trade partners.Uzbekistan has truly active trade relations with European Union. Bilateral trade between Ger umpteen and Uzbekistan amounted to 470 million USD in 2008. France, UK and Spain are other study trade partners (Ministry of Foreign Affairs Uzbekistan, n.d.). witness 1 Major Trade Partners of Uzbekistan (2009)Source http//www.buyusainfo.net/docs/x_6613529.pdfBusiness Environment of UzbekistanCulture of Uz bekistanFigure 2 Ethnic collection CompositionSource https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.htmlFigure 3 Major ReligionsSource https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.htmlFigure 4 Spoken LanguagesSource https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.htmlUzbekistan since ancient sentence was the home of Arab Muslims and Turks. And then in Mid-Nineteenth century, Russia seeing the regions potential captured Uzbekistan. That is why there are traces of Russian language and ethnicity can be found in the country dominated by Uzbeks. Islam being the major religion (about 88%) the culture of country is bit conservative. For both Men and Women conservative business suits are expected, mundane clothes like jeans, t-shirts etc are considered inappropriate. While greeting someone it is common for handshake between same sexes but simple hello is done between opposite sex. During a meeting it is important to go and spea k to the most important person in the room first. These local customs must be discovered in order to forge good business relationship in the country (Culture Crossings, n.d.).Political Civil Environment of UzbekistanWhen Soviet Union stony-broke in 1991, Uzbekistan gained its independence and appointed Islom Karimov as the Presidential head (Angus Reid Public Opinion, 2008). Since then Karimov have led an autocratic rule by extending his term of office in 2000 and 2007 in a series of democratic election that has come into fierce criticism from the international community (Harding, 2007). Next elections are scheduled to be held in 2014.In almost all international political and civil parameters Uzbekistan has shown downward trends indicating its worsening of the situation overtime.Figure 5 Uzbekistan Political Indicators.Source AuthorUzbekistan also has highly high level of corruption. According to recent Transparency Internationals Corruption Perception Index (CPI), Uzbekistan ran ks among the bottom of the 180 countries at rank 174. It has extremely scurvy confidence range of 1.5 1.8 (Transperency International, 2009).Figure 6 CPI Index 2009Source http//www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009Due to this firms frequently have to pay informal payments (bribes) to government to get the things done. About 67% percent of the firms are expected to make these payments to get things done (Enterprise Surveys, 2009).Figure 7 Informal Payments StatisticsSource http//www.enterprisesurveys.org/documents/CountryNotes/Uzbekistan_09.pdfEconomic organize of UzbekistanUzbekistan when it got freedom had relatively s down in the mouth economic growth rate for first 12 years. Uzbekistan GDP, between 1994 to 2003, grew at average rate of 3.9% per year. But from 2005 onwards the country witnessed average growth of 8.2% (Asian Development Bank, 2010). Although the official data is doubtful as it probably overstates the level of economic growth. The U.S. Dep artment of State Background Note for Uzbekistan states that many observers believe that employment growth and real wage growth have been stagnant (U.S. Department of State Background Notes, 2009). The poverty is rather prevalent in the country with 76.7% of population living below $2 a day (United Nations Development Programme, 2009).Although government is taking some positive steps to ramp up the preservation. Policies like Anti-Crisis Program for 2009-2012 that government adopted in 2008 to combat the global recession had quite beneficial impact on Uzbekistan economy. Part of the policy was to promote foreign investment, for which government established free industrial economic zones in 2008, which provided foreign investors with tax and custom preferential facilities. Due to this government was able to tie up with 37 foreign investors for $500 million investment. This resulted in huge increase of 80% in foreign investment in 2009. Uzbekistan also observed very high import gro wth rate of 25.8% in 2009, mainly in infrastructure development, indicates governments acceptance to allow foreign investment in the country (Asian Development Bank, 2010).Figure 8 Uzbekistan Import/Export IndicatorsSource http//www.adb.org/Documents/Books/ADO/2010/UZB.pdfPetroleum, Gold, Natural Gas and cotton plant are the main 4 exports products of the Uzbekistan. According to the IMF estimations, heartiness products (Petroleum and Natural Gas) comprised about 26.3% of total exports in 2008 followed by gold at 15.7% and cotton at 13.1% (International Monetary Fund, 2008).International Trade of UzbekistanInternational Trade surmise Framework is all about analysing from a countrys perspective about with whom they should trade and what products to trade. According to Daniels, Radebaugh and Sullivan (2010), there are five theories which try to explain a countrys vantage in International Trade.Figure 9 Theories of International TradeThe reward in international trade of Uzbekistan will be explained using two theories Natural Advantage and Factor Proportion Theory.Natural Advantage in case of UzbekistanAccording to this theory a country produces those goods in which it has some natural advantage by way of its climate, people, resources etc.Uzbekistan has substantial advantage over most of the countries in the world in production of cotton due to favourable climatic conditions and availability of low cost labour. Climate in Uzbekistan is generally hot which is suitable for cotton growth. Hence Uzbekistan is the worlds 6th largest Cotton maker and 3rd largest Cotton exporter (National Cotton Council of America, 2010).Figure 10 World Cotton Export Rankings (2009)Source AuthorAlso the country has abundant energy resources. Uzbekistan is a major producer and exporter of Natural gas. Natural gas production was 2,387 billion cubic feet in 2008 ranking it at 14th place in the world. Out of this Uzbekistan exported about 22.20%, i.e. 530 bcf of natural gas (US Energy Information Administration, 2010).Factor Proportion TheoryAccording to this theory different countries have different level of endowment of land, labour and capital. And the operator which is in more abundance will have lower costs than other factors. So the country tends to take advantage of this in the international trade by exporting those products that utilize the abundant factor and importing products that requires utilization of deficient factor.Uzbekistan has the advantage of low cost and skilled labour. It also has relatively low land. The country has very high literacy rate of 99.3% in 2003. There is lack of substantial capital or high level technology present in the country. Therefore Uzbekistans export mainly comprises of agricultural products, mined natural resources, services or low tech industrial products like chemical, plastic etc.Figure 11 Percentage Distribution of hit ExportsSource http//www.statistics.uz/data_finder/128/On the other hand the country is severel y lacking in the modern infrastructure and needed technology or capital required to develop it. Therefore the bulk of its import, almost 50% comprised mainly of machinery and equipments.Figure 12 Percentage Distribution of Total ImportsSource http//www.statistics.uz/data_finder/128/Porters Diamond of National CompetitivenessFigure 13 Extended Porters Diamond Model of National CompetitivenessSource Porter (1990)Michael Porter introduced a diamond shaped model to analyze the areas of strength or weakness that gives a country a competitive advantage or disadvantage. This model includes quad interconnected key elementsFigure 14 Key elements of Porters DiamondFactor ConditionsUzbekistan has inconsistent infrastructure development. Main roads in the capital Tashkent and other major cities are relatively maintained outside the cities their conditions are poor. Suppliers have trouble in transporting goods from one place to another. The country has extensive rail net but only 17% is elect rified. Although government recently announced big plans to improve both its national highway and rail network. Literacy in the country is very high at 99.3% for 15 years and up. The country also has abundant energy resources. The country is able to almost meet its coal requirement and produces comely natural gas that it manages to export 22% of it.Firm Strategy or RivalryAlmost all the Industrial firms in the Uzbekistan are government own and as such there is little to no competition among them. There are only few industries like energy, gold, foodstuff etc. present in the country which have some foreign investment. Most foreign investing companies are only allowed to invest by creating joint venture with state owned company in which the government owns majority stakes.Related and Supporting IndustriesOne of the most important supporting industry to establish a firm is financial sector which is seriously underdeveloped in Uzbekistan. It is dominated by state-owned banks and lack s competition. The government banks give loans to state owned companies at subsidized rate and for all else the concern rate is very high. Due to this buck private investors rarely take loans from local credit market.The whole country has access to electricity but the infrastructure is quite old and need modernizations. And as such there are frequent power outages.Demand ConditionsDue to widespread poverty of 76.7% there is not practically take in of products apart from basic need like food, clothes, energy needs etc. And in these basic need the country is self-sufficient hence demand never exceeds supply. The government of Uzbekistan is the major importer of goods and services. Most of the imports comprises of equipments in energy, telecommunication and Information Technology hardware and software.Role of GovernmentThe government did not liberalise the economy sufficiently enough since freedom. It owns all major companies, strictly regulates foreign trade and follows the policy of import substitution. Monopolistic environment created by state-owned companies stifle the development of private sector.Recommendations for UzbekistanThe following are the recommendations the Uzbekistan government should implement for sustained growth of the countryImproving Business Climate Government should stop pursuing the policy of import substitution and make it easier for foreign investment to invest in the country.Sustaining Macroeconomic Stability Need improved macroeconomic policies to control inflation, eliminate restrictions on currency conversion, better regulation of financial sector would help in maintaining high economic growth rates.Boosting Agriculture Productivity Better agricultural reforms, abolition of state dictated crop production, more power to farmers and investment in modern machinery would raise per capita income and reduce poverty.Improve Accountability and Transparency The country ranks very poor in Transparency International Index at 174 of 180 nat ions. Corruption is rampant and Firms are frequently subjected to pay bribes. The government must put efforts in improving transparency for the firms to have any confidence in doing business in the country.Promote Open Competition Government should end the policy of compulsive all industries and creating monopolistic environment. Government should allow free control of industries by private sector. This will create more competition, promote innovation and would improve general efficiency of the industries and boost economy.

Comparison Certified Nursing Assistants versus Licensed Practical Nurse

ComparisonWhy would anyone be in the healthcare field? First, there are different types of positions available. Second, this is a very rewarding public life for those who enjoy caring for others. Although, most people think there are a lot of differences between certified breast feeding assistants and licensed practical nurses, they apportion the same type of work, working conditions and job outlook.The nature of the work is very similar for the C.N.A. and L.P.N. A C.N.A. work includes performing routine tasks under the supervision of nursing staff. They answer call bells, deliver messages, serve meals, make beds, and answer patients eat, dress, and bathe. Aides also provide skin care to patients, take pulse, temperature, respiration, and blood pressure and help patients get in and out of bed and walk. They also escort patients to operating rooms, exam rooms, keep patient rooms neat, set up equipment, or breed and move supplies. Aides observe patients physical, mental, and emotio nal condition and report any change to the R.N. Likewise the L.P.N. provides basic bedside care. They take vital signs much(prenominal) as temperature, blood pressure, restorations, and pulse. They also treat bedsores, prepare and give injections and enemas, apply dressings, apply ice packs and insert catheters. L.P.N.s observe patients and report adverse reactions to medications or treatments to the R.N. or the doctor. They help patients with bathing, dressing, and personal hygiene, and care for their emotional needs....

Structure and History of Cobblestone Houses :: Engineering Construction Essays

Structure and History of Cobblestone Houses The cobblestone house is one of the most identifiable structures in Western New York. These houses exit back to the early 1800s when many of the towns that people in the Rochester plain live in were being founded. When driving down many of the streets you can get down these houses scattered on the left and the right. They ar marvelous to look at and are also strange because they are some of the only houses in the area to be built out of stones, not lumber. These houses were in all probability made at first by someone who was too poor to invent for brick, or afford some kind of more(prenominal) expensive siding. Rocks are easily found and also insulate fairly well. These rocks were lined where the siding of the house would be and mortar was employ to set the rocks into the house. Once the mortar set, it could not be broken easily. The mortar resembles what today would be concrete. It is very solid and aught wi ll penetrate. This makes it a clear favorite for the houses in New York due to the harsh winters. In Rochester particularly you need the extra protection. The winters in New York are the worst any where in the country where the av datege snowfall a winter is well over one hundred inches of snow. This chuck up the sponges for the insulated rocks to keep a more constant temperature than the lumber alternative which would allow much more heat to escape the house and cool it down. Conversely in the summers, where it is extremely warm the rocks allow a kind of air conditioning due to their relative lack of conductivity of heat. Cobblestone houses became extremely popular around the 1830s in particular. This era marked a forever changing point in the history of both the United States and New York. The Erie Canal, a waterway connecting the Hudson River to the Great Lakes was being constructed. overcompensate in the middle of it all was the metropolitan area around Rochester. I t seems like every rock that was dug out of the ground during the excavation of the Erie Canal was used in a Cobblestone house.

Louisa May Alcott Bio :: essays research papers

Louisa May Alcott BiographyBest remembered for her books about the March family, especially her childrens masterpiece, Little Women, Alcott also wrote sensational novels and thrillers for adults. She was a actually creative, difficult, and voluntary girl who was both moody and loyal.Born in Germantown, Pennsylvania on November 29, 1832, Louisa was the second daughter of Abby May and Amos Bronson Alcott. Being one of four sisters, who were Anna Bronson, Elizabeth Sewall, and Abba May, the Alcott sisters had a very happy childhood. The Alcotts went through a series of moves, weither they were from one house to another in the same town, while others were from town to town, this was only a beginning of what was to broaden throughout Louisas life. Her father, Bronson, was a transcendentalist thinker and writer who refused to take work that was not related to education or philosophy, which had the family commuting due to where he would be employed, which he rarely had been. Rather than being a step up for the family, these changes were just a step down, for the family had to depend on the generosity of others. Living in Concord, Massachusetts with friends and neighbors, Louisas father committed his time to educating his four daughters being that he was unemployed. Bronson could not be relied upon to support the family, which led her to live a bonny fugal life for his inability to keep a steady job. The plainness of their clothes, food, and home never seemed to bother them, but the issue of money was a unremitting source of worry for Louisa. She saw it as her mission in life to support her family. In her early teens she began to work with her sister Anna as governesses to increase the itsy-bitsy earnings of their father. Then by her early twenties, she was writing and getting paid for it. The death of her younger sister and marriage of her older were very traumatic experiences, and to interest the void left by their absence, and to seek some purpose in life an d participate in the Civil War, Alcott became an army nurse in Washington, D.C. subsequently six weeks she got typhoid fever, from which she never fully recovered and left her permanently weakened, a condition that got worse with age. After the war Alcott began Little Women in 1868, on with all the gothic thrillers, which brought in money for the family.

To Know a Fly Essay example -- Vincent G. Dethier To Know a Fly Essays

To Know a Fly The book, To Know a Fly by Vincent G. Dethier, is about a scientist who fell in love with the fly. Professor Dethier isnt like most scientists who are idolized for their accomplishments and rejected for the lack of ability to communicate with society. He was known for being an outstanding researcher, and he also had the rattling(prenominal) gift of communication. The fact that he was fascinated by the knowledge that could be obtained from such a simple species, such as the fly, also made him democratic with the public. The main focus of the book involves Professor Dethier designing and performing various experiments. Each experiment done by Professor Dethier is very simple, therefore the indorser is informed, and as Professor Dethier adds interesting facts about the experiments of the fly the reader can interpret it easier. Professor Dethier begins the book by explaining how science and scientist are often misunderstood. He continues by stating that anyone can be a s cientist if they want wish. However, they must posses certain characteristics such as love for nature, curiosity of life, and a soaring imagination. After convert the reader that they can understand and appreciate science, Professor Dethier begins to inform the reader about the fly. He begins by defending the fly. Most everyone has a mutual concord that flies are pests and are often considered to be disease infested. Most people dont even want to be in the movement of a fly. Moreover, flies arent ...

The Need to Eliminate the Abusive Treatment of Muslim Women Essay

The Need to Eliminate the Abusive Treat ment of Muslim Women Thirty thousand men and boys poured into the dilapidated Olympic sports stadium in Kabul, capital of Afghanistan. Street hawkers peddle nuts, biscuits and tea to the waiting crowd. The scheduled entertainment? They were there to see a spring chicken woman, Sohaila, receive 100 lashes, and to watch two thieves have their hands chopped off. Sohaila had been arrested while walking with a man who was no relation to her, a sufficient crime for her to be found guilty of adultery. Since she was single, it was punishable by flogging or a series of lashes had she been married, she would have been publicly stoned to death (Goodwin).Goodwin likewise stated that as Sohaila, completely covered in shroud-like burqa veil, was forced to kneel and then whipped, Taliban Cheerleaders had the stadium ringing with chants of onlookers. Among those take there were only collar women the young Afghan, and two female relatives who accompanied h er.Women be treated unfairly all around the world, but in some places, worse than others. In Afghanistan, women are non allowed to do much of anything. They are restricted to their homes and are not allowed to exit without a good reason. Also, they must be fully covered. Women are not even allowed to leave the house if they need medical assistance. It is also illegal for women to show off any part of a their body to anyone other than their husbands. Meetings, even among groups of women, are prohibited in Afghanistan. They are banned from getting an education and from employment. They are treated as their husbands possessions. (Courcey)Muslim women should have the right to be present in public without hiding their identity. What have women done t... ...tor on staff would not have been allowed to remove her clothes. When women are punished for any contact with a male, the punishment can result in death. Other punishments include lashes and mutilation of the limbs.There is hope for these women, such as Sohaila. People around the world and especially from the unite States are on their side. They are not only fighting for these womens rights, but their lives as well. These womens importance will be returned through cooperation, and they will once again be appreciated. Works CitedCourcey, Kevin. Freethought & Womens Rights. Freedom From Religion Foundation.March 1998. December 5, 2001 <www.ffrf.org/fttoday/march98/courcey.html.Goodwin, Jan. Buried Alive Afghan Women Under the Taliban. Echonyc.February 27, 1998. December 3, 2001 <www.mosaic.echonyc.com/onissues/su98goodwim.html .

How does Priestly keep the attention of the audience in Act 1? :: English Literature

How does Priestly defend the attention of the hearing in Act 1? tester calls was set in 1912, it was written in 1945, and wasperformed in 1946. Priestly wanted to show his views, so he created aperformance called Inspector Calls to show that he cares for others,so Priestly maintains interest by using various different devices, andthats what my essay will be about, the various devices that Priestlyused the keep the attention of the audience. Firstly, the play has got a pace, which is fast, the evidence of thisis that the Inspector doesnt keep talking to the same psyche for fiveminutes, he asks oneness person one question and then he goes onto thenext person. The point of this is Priestly doesnt bore the audiencehe keeps everyones attention by going judgment the scenes. InInspector calls the characters were each revealed step by step, andeventually they all revealed properly at the end of the play. Atthe end of act 1 the besides characters that have been revealed is MrBirling, be cause they found out that he had sacked Daisy Retton justfor asking if she could have abit more money, Gerald was also revealedbut not much, because Shelia knew that Gerald new something when theInspector utter the name Daisy Retton because his face gave theimpression. The point of this is that they have only revealed twocharacters in act 1 so that the audience will want to keep watching,because they would standardised to know where the other characters come in themystery.Secondly, the play refers to the political climate of time, theevidence of this is that once he has asked someone a question, theyanswer it, then the person he had asked a question to before he asksthem i.e. did you know anything about that. The point of this is, ifany one out of the audience has misunderstood a detailed bit of asentence then he goes back over it but in a different way of saying itlater on, so then that person has understood the whole storyline sofar. Also the storyline is slowly unravelling of the plot, but by theend of act 1 the audience is completely drawn in. The evidence of thisis, the stage directions in the book, the font is different and itsays she looks at him in triumph. He looks crushed. The door slowlyopens and the inspector appears, looking steadily and searchingly atthem, so if you were watching the play, then the Inspector will open